Bordeaux / France
Apache in Bordeaux makes and assembles small-series jewellery by hand.
Best for Small-series handmade jewellery
73 stores · curated ORBIS register
Paris jewellery walks from the workbench of a Chanel goldsmith to the medal-strikers of a Napoleonic square. Goossens is Robert Goossens' house of rock-crystal and hammered-gold jewelry, Chanel's Métiers d'Art goldsmith. Arthus Bertrand has struck Christening medals, Académie swords and gold charms since 1803. Fred built the Force 10 sailing-cable bracelet from a Paris house founded in 1936. A wrist forgives less than a neckline, making the bracelet the harder purchase to get right.
Bordeaux / France
Apache in Bordeaux makes and assembles small-series jewellery by hand.
Best for Small-series handmade jewellery
Bordeaux / France
Arte Fact in Bordeaux makes artisan jewellery in silver, gold, gold plate and natural stones.
Best for Artisan jewellery
Cannes / France
At its Cannes shop, Bijouterie Mathieu carries contemporary and vintage jewellery alongside watches.
Best for Jewellery and watches
Cannes / France
In Cannes, Maison Aubry creates, repairs and transforms jewellery.
Best for Jewellery creation and repair
Cannes / France
Manipūra Joaillerie is a jeweller on rue des Serbes in Cannes that treats jewellery as a personal signature.
Best for Jewellery
Collioure / France
La Fourmi Rouge is a jewellery shop on rue Colbert in Collioure using stones such as tourmaline and turquoise.
Best for Stone jewellery
Lille / France
Galerie Bettina Flament presents contemporary jewellery by artisan makers in Lille.
Best for Contemporary artisan jewellery
31 Rue du Panier, 13002 Marseille, France / Marseille / France
Jewellery made on site in Le Panier; Jonas dives for coral, Gaëlle mounts it — genuine workshop-shop, not a quay souvenir rail (latelierducorail.fr; Marseille Tourism offer page).
Best for Jonas dives for coral, Gaëlle mounts it — genuine workshop-shop, not a quay souvenir rail.
Paris / Online
Paris jewelry line founded in 2004 by former lawyer Sophie Pfeffer, handcrafted entirely in the brand's own French workshop using cut and raw gemstones, gold, turquoise, labradorite and Swarovski crystal.
Best for Delicate jewelry and charms with a poetic Parisian feel
5 Octobre is a Paris jewelry house founded by Sophie Pfeffer, who spent nearly a decade practicing law before turning to a lifelong interest in stones, antique jewelry and tribal adornment. She launched her first collection in 2004, quickly drawing attention from fashion editors. Pfeffer works in small series with French artisans, and every piece is made by hand in the brand's own atelier, using fine gemstones in both cut and raw form alongside precious metals finished in fine gold, turquoise, labradorite and cotton thread. The brand's Paris showroom is on rue de Seine in Saint-Germain-des-Pres.
Paris / Online
French costume-jewelry brand founded in Paris in 1974 by Michel Quiniou, positioned between haute couture jewelry and mass-market pieces. Its Scottie-dog motif, introduced in 1989, became a signature; the brand now has over 400 retail points worldwide.
Best for Accessible French jewelry, charms, and earrings
Agatha Paris was founded in 1974 by Michel Quiniou, who set out to occupy a specific middle position in the French jewelry market — pieces more considered and design-led than anonymous mass-market costume jewelry, but priced well below haute couture jewelry houses. Quiniou is reported to have named the brand after agate, the semi-precious stone, while looking for a feminine-sounding name for the label. The brand grew from its original Paris design store into an international fashion-jewelry company, eventually reaching more than 400 retail outlets worldwide, spanning earrings, bracelets, pendants, charms and other accessible jewelry and gift pieces. Its best-known design element, a Scottie dog silhouette, was introduced in 1989 as a pendant, inspired by the founder's own pet dog, and became a recurring motif across the brand's collections and packaging in the decades since. Agatha has continued operating as a jewelry brand aimed at a broad customer base rather than a niche luxury clientele, built on frequent, accessibly priced collections rather than infrequent high-value pieces. Ownership passed in 2021 to the Renaissance Luxury Group, which has continued running the brand under its existing identity and Scottie-dog branding, marking 50 years of the label's history as of 2024.
Paris / Online
Paris jewelry with a sculptor's appetite — molten ear cuffs and armor-like rings that treat the body as a plinth.
Best for Sculptural ear cuffs and bold statement rings.
<p>Annelise Michelson makes jewelry the way sculptors make maquettes — by hand first, in wax and clay, before any metal is poured. The Paris-born designer trained at the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture, worked in fashion houses, and founded her maison in 2012 on a conviction the fine-jewelry world resisted: that a piece can be architectural in scale and still be worn to dinner.</p><p>The vocabulary is muscular — ear cuffs that climb the cartilage, the Déchaînée chains with links like poured lava, spine-shaped chokers, rings worn as knuckle armor — cast in bronze, silver and vermeil in Parisian ateliers, in small series. Editors placed her pieces early; Rihanna and a generation of performers wore them like statements of intent, and the ear cuff's return to fashion owes her a substantial debt.</p><p>What separates Michelson from costume jewelry's shock merchants is finish: the surfaces are resolved like small sculptures, the weight calculated to the gram. The work sits deliberately between jewelry and art object — Paris craftsmanship applied to forms that look excavated from somewhere more volcanic.</p>
Paris / Online
Monaco-born silver fashion jewelry — trend-quick pavé pieces from the Prieur family’s house.
Best for Monaco-born pavé fashion jewelry from the Prieur family's house
Paris / Online
Parisian medal-maker and jeweler since 1803 — christening medals, Académie swords and fine gold charms. The current presidential Grand Collier of the Legion d honneur, first given to Vincent Auriol on 1 December 1953, was made by Arthus-Bertrand (Grande Chancellerie press dossier).
Best for Christening medals, Académie swords, and gold charms since 1803
Arthus-Bertrand traces its origins to 1803, when Claude Arthus-Bertrand, a former military officer with a strong interest in scientific exploration, established a Paris bookshop and publishing house; he went on to serve as official publisher to the French Naval Ministry, releasing accounts of contemporary expeditions. The company's present identity as a medal and jewelry house dates to 1889, when the marriage of Claude's grandson to Marie-Adelina Marion -- daughter of the owner of a military embroidery and insignia workshop -- merged the two family businesses. The combined firm went on to manufacture France's Legion of Honor medals and decorations for the French state, along with académie swords, civic and military honors for roughly fifty countries, and fine jewelry. Arthus-Bertrand holds the official French government designation "Entreprise du patrimoine vivant" (Living Heritage Enterprise), recognizing rare artisanal know-how, and the house has engraved the ceremonial grand collar of the Legion of Honor worn by every French president at inauguration since Vincent Auriol in 1953, each one personalized with the president's name and military insignia. The firm's clientele has historically included Napoleon III and successive French ministries. Today Arthus-Bertrand operates multiple Paris boutiques, including long-established locations on rue Royale and rue Bonaparte, alongside its continuing state and institutional decoration work.
Paris / Online
Paris workshop, founded in 2014, that hand-sculpts gold and silver wire into personalized jewelry — names, dates and messages formed directly in wire without molds, casting or engraving — from its boutique near the Bourse and a workshop in the 10th.
Best for Wire-word jewelry with personalized, scripted-name bracelets and rings
Atelier Paulin makes personalized jewelry using a technique the workshop describes as wire lettering: precious-metal wire — 18-karat gold in yellow, rose or white, 925 sterling silver, or 14-karat gold-filled wire — is hand-sculpted into names, dates, symbols and short messages without engraving, stamping or duplicate molds, so each piece is individually formed rather than cast from a template. The business dates its handcrafted jewelry-making to 2014 and produces everything in its own French workshops, describing its output as 100% made in Paris. Its main boutique is at 60 rue de Richelieu, near the Bourse, and it also runs a workshop space at 12 rue Philippe de Girard in the 10th arrondissement, where craftspeople work on personalized pieces in view of customers on weekdays. The range covers bracelets, necklaces, rings and earrings, generally sold as customizable pieces built around a client's own choice of wording or symbol rather than as a fixed ready-to-wear collection.
Paris / Online
Aurélie Bidermann makes gold-plated jewellery, woven bracelets and colourful statement pieces with a relaxed Parisian tone. The range supports layering, while material and care guidance matter for preserving plated finishes.
Best for Parisian jewelry of gilded lace and Do Brasil rope bracelets — bohemian
Paris / Online
Bangle Up designs colourful jewellery in Paris, using bangles as the starting point for a range of patterned pieces. Brass and zamak appear in its gold-finished designs coloured with lacquer or enamel. The collection is sold online, making it possible to compare individual pieces or combinations without treating the company's Paris office as a shop.
Best for Patterned bangles and colourful fashion jewellery
Bangle Up was founded at the end of 2014, near the Canal Saint-Martin in Paris, by Danielle, who launched the label after 15 years building the Princesse Tam Tam lingerie brand. The brand's signature piece is the bangle bracelet. Bangle Up's jewelry is worked in lacquer and enamel, enhanced with fine-gold detailing, combining Parisian design and finishing with production through partners in Asia.
Place Vendôme, Paris
Boucheron was the first jeweler to open on Place Vendôme, moving to No. 26 in 1893 though the maison had already existed since 1858. Its designs include the Serpent Bohème, the Quatre ring, and the clasp-free question-mark necklace.
Best for Quatre ring, Serpent Bohème
Frédéric Boucheron was the first of the great jewelers to move to Place Vendôme, opening at No. 26 in 1893 — legend says he chose the sunniest corner of the square so his diamonds would catch the light. The maison had already existed since 1858; the address made it an institution, and every rival that followed was, in effect, moving into Boucheron's neighborhood.
The house style has always been more daring than its neighbors'. The Serpent Bohème, born of a protective serpent necklace Frédéric made for his wife Gabrielle, coils through the catalogue; the Quatre ring stacks four of the maison's codes — gold grosgrain, clous de Paris — into modern architecture; the question-mark necklace, clasp-free and asymmetric, scandalized and seduced the Belle Époque. Under creative director Claire Choisne the high-jewelry collections have become the square's avant-garde — jewels in titanium, rock crystal, even sand.
Now part of Kering, Boucheron keeps its salons above the original shop — 26 Place Vendôme, still the sunniest corner.
Paris / Online
Paris jeweler founded in 1847 by Louis-François Cartier; earned a royal warrant in 1856 and the title 'jeweler of kings'; introduced the Santos watch (1904), the Tank (1917), the panther motif (1914), and the Love bracelet (1969).
Best for Love bangles and Tanks.
"The jeweler of kings, the king of jewelers" — the phrase attached itself to Cartier because the client ledgers made it undeniable: crowned heads across Europe and beyond commissioned from the house, and the royal warrants accumulated like the pearls in its inventories. Since 1847, Cartier has occupied the precise point where jewelry becomes language — and its vocabulary is the most fluent in the business.
Three words do most of the talking. The Tank, born from the geometry of the machine age, made the rectangular watch permanent — a shape so correct it has never needed rescue or revival, only continuation. The Love bracelet turned commitment into hardware: an oval of gold that closes with its own screwdriver, jewelry as a small ceremony of intention. And the panther — Cartier's great familiar — prowls across brooches, rings, and watches, muscled in diamonds and onyx, the house's wildness kept precisely under control.
Made in France, the pieces travel as a portable court: wherever gold is taken seriously, Cartier's grammar is already understood. This Florentine address on Via della Vigna Nuova places the house in the city that practically invented the goldsmith's art — a respectful visit from the jeweler who went on to dress the kings Florence's bankers once financed. The red box, the screw motif, the panther's gaze: a hundred and seventy years of luxury's most complete sentence, still being written.
Paris / Online
Charlotte Chesnais focuses on Sculptural Parisian jewelry, liquid gold vermeil curves from a Balenciaga-trained designer.
Best for Sculptural liquid-gold vermeil jewelry from a Balenciaga-trained designer
Paris / Online
Napoleon’s jeweler on Place Vendôme — Joséphine tiaras, Bee My Love honeycombs and imperial heritage. after making Napoleon's coronation sword and Pius VII's tiara, Nitot became jeweller to the imperial court and appointed supplier to Empress Joséphine (block dated 1804–1815). Son François-Regnault moved workshops to Place Vendôme no. 15 in 1812 (now the Ritz).
Best for Joséphine tiaras and Bee My Love honeycomb jewelry from Napoleon's Place Vendôme
Chaumet's founding client list needs only one name: Napoleon. Marie-Étienne Nitot, who established the house in 1780, became the Emperor's official jeweler — the coronation crown, the consular sword bearing the Regent diamond, and tiaras for both empresses, Joséphine and Marie-Louise. The maison has traded on that imperial intimacy ever since; Joséphine is not a muse here but a product line.
The tiara remains the house signature — Chaumet has made more than 3,500 of them, and its Place Vendôme salons keep a museum of nickel-silver tiara maquettes that reads like a crown registry of Europe. The Bee My Love collection turns Napoleon's imperial bee into honeycomb pavé; Liens ties its knots through wedding registers.
The maison has occupied 12 Place Vendôme since 1812 — Chopin died upstairs — and its grand salon still looks onto the column cast from Austerlitz cannon. Two centuries after the coronation, Chaumet remains what it was hired to be: the jeweler of French sovereignty, now sold by the carat.
Paris / Online
Courbet makes fine jewellery with lab-grown diamonds and recycled gold from a Place Vendôme base. Appointments help clients compare stones, settings and custom options beyond what product photography can show.
Best for Lab-grown diamond rings and sustainable fine jewelry.
Paris / Online
D’Heygere turns ordinary objects into conceptual jewellery and accessories, including pieces with functional or playful mechanisms. The collection appeals to shoppers seeking fashion conversation pieces rather than conventional fine jewellery.
Best for Stéphanie D'Heygere's conceptual object jewelry, like can-holder earrings
Paris / Online
Paris jewelry house founded in 1965 by Jean Dinh Van, a former decade-long Cartier designer, after his 'Deux Perles' ring for Pierre Cardin established his geometric style. Known for the Menottes handcuff-clasp collection; boutique on rue Bonaparte since 2000.
Best for The Menottes handcuff-clasp jewelry, 1960s Parisian modernism in gold
Jean Dinh Van, born in 1927 in Boulogne-sur-Mer to a French mother and a Vietnamese father who worked as a lacquer artisan, trained at the École des Arts Décoratifs before joining Cartier, where he spent roughly a decade working under Jeanne Toussaint on pieces for an elite clientele, including the Duchess of Windsor. In 1965 he left to found his own maison, opening a workshop on Place Gaillon in Paris. His breakthrough piece was the 'Deux Perles' ring, designed that same year for Pierre Cardin — a square-form ring set with two pearls that established the geometric, structural design language he continued to develop. In 1967 dinh van was selected as one of four French jewelry houses to exhibit at Montreal's Expo 67, a showing that led to a distribution arrangement with Cartier's New York branch, the house where he had trained. The maison's best-known line, Menottes, takes its name from the French word for handcuffs: rather than concealing the clasp of a bracelet or necklace, Dinh Van made two interlocking rings joined by a chain into the visible centerpiece of the piece. His broader approach was to make jewelry meant for daily wear rather than only formal occasions, a departure from more ceremonial luxury jewelry conventions of the period. The house opened a boutique on rue Bonaparte on Paris's Left Bank in 2000.
Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, Paris
Paris fine-jewelry house founded in 1994 by Alexandre Corrot, built on pave diamond ear climbers, stacking rings, and rock-influenced designs using conflict-free stones; this boutique sits at 25 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honore.
Best for Pavé ear-climbers and rock-chic diamond fine jewelry
Djula was founded by jeweler Alexandre Corrot, who began the brand in the mid-1990s after developing a passion for vintage 1920s jewelry and watches. The label started with costume jewelry before shifting toward fine jewelry built on pure, graphic lines, aiming to make diamond pieces wearable at everyday prices. Corrot's first boutique opened on Rue des Saints-Peres in Saint-Germain-des-Pres; the brand has since expanded to roughly six Paris addresses, including this one on Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honore. Collections such as Gypsy, Endless, Fairytale, and Barbele mix pave-set diamonds with edgier silhouettes - ear climbers, chain-link cuffs, and stacking rings.
Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, Paris
Parisian jeweler of the Force 10 — sailing-cable bracelets and Riviera sunshine since 1936.
Best for The Force 10 sailing-cable bracelet from a Paris jeweler founded in 1936.
Marais
Parisian bohemian jewelry — handmade statement pieces inspired by travel, vintage style, and precious materials.
Best for Colorful bohemian jewelry and handmade charm bracelets.
Gachon Pothier designs and handcrafts one-of-a-kind jewelry in their Paris workshop. Each piece draws from bohemian aesthetics, travel inspiration, and vintage styling, using precious metals and materials. The collection emphasizes statement jewelry and charm pieces for customers seeking distinctive, handcrafted items rather than mass-produced accessories. Founded as a direct-to-consumer brand, the house sells entirely through their online platform.
Paris / Online
Marseille-born jewelry house for colorful handmade jewelry, cuffs, earrings, and Riviera statement accessories.
Best for Marseille-born handmade jewelry — colorful cuffs, earrings, and Riviera statement accessories.
South of France / Paris / Online
South of France jewelry since 1976 — 18-karat gold and resin-bead necklaces and bracelets handcrafted in Saint-Tropez, each bead hand-dipped in melted resin for playful color.
Best for Resin-bead rosary bracelets in jeweled color on gold, a Saint-Tropez wrist staple.
Gigi Clozeau jewelry was created in 1976 in the South of France as a celebration of the birth of Alain Clozeau's first daughter, Gigi. The narrative unfolds with the creation of a one-of-a-kind bracelet by her father, a master jeweler with fifty years of expertise. The jewelry is handmade in the South of France, specifically in Saint-Tropez, by a mother and daughter duo. Gigi Clozeau approaches jewelry through color, rhythm, and simplicity, drawing from a visual world shaped by the South of France, fashion, street art, and natural landscape. From her father's intricately crafted pieces to her mother's avant-garde influence, Gigi inherits a legacy of artistry and creativity. The designs are inspired by landscapes dear to Gigi, from the Camargue to sun-filled horizons. The brand's signature resin beads are hand-dipped in melted resin to create the beaded effect, with each bead adding a splash of color embodying the playful yet sophisticated spirit of the brand. Gigi Clozeau uses only 18-karat gold in her designs, ensuring luminous shine, durability, and longevity.
Paris / Online
Founded in New York in 2002 by Marseille-born, Sorbonne-trained architect Frédérique Dessemond; its signature 18k rose-gold disc-on-chain design debuted in 2003, and the brand reached France in 2005.
Best for Rose-gold disc and bead-chain fine jewelry, Parisian-New York cool.
Ginette NY was founded in 2002 by Frederique Dessemond, an architect by training who studied art history at the Sorbonne before moving to New York in 1999. Her architectural background shows directly in the brand's design language, built around pared-back geometric forms rather than ornamentation. The brand's identifying piece arrived the following year: in 2003, Dessemond introduced a collection built around 18-karat rose gold, a champagne-toned alloy the brand made its signature material, in the form of a flat, stamped disc worn on a very thin chain, paired with simple medal-style pendants. That disc-and-chain format, designed for everyday wear rather than occasion jewelry, became the piece most associated with the brand. From its New York starting point, Ginette NY expanded first within the United States, then to Japan, before arriving in France in 2005, a reverse of the more typical Paris-to-New York trajectory, notable given the brand's Franco-American name and design identity split between the two cities. The brand remains built around this everyday, architecturally minimal approach to fine jewelry rather than the statement-piece model more common in traditional fine jewelry houses.
Paris / Online
Goossens is Chanel’s goldsmith — Robert Goossens’ rock-crystal and hammered gold, Métiers d’Art treasure.
Best for Robert Goossens' rock-crystal and hammered-gold jewelry, Chanel's Métiers d'Art goldsmith.
29 Avenue Montaigne, Paris
A New York fine-jewelry house founded in 1932 by Harry Winston, who bought the 45.52-carat Hope Diamond in 1949 and donated it to the Smithsonian in 1958; its Paris salon at 29 Avenue Montaigne has operated since the early 1960s.
Best for The Hope Diamond's donor and Oscar-night jewel lender, on Avenue Montaigne.
Harry Winston founded his jewelry company in New York in 1932, opening a Fifth Avenue salon and shifting from diamond dealing into designing and selling jewelry under his own name. He built a reputation for handling major historic stones, most famously purchasing the 45.52-carat Hope Diamond in 1949; in 1958 he donated the diamond to the Smithsonian Institution, a gift that became the founding centerpiece of the museum's National Gem Collection and remains on public display in Washington, D.C. Winston's Paris presence dates to the early 1960s, when he opened a salon at 29 Avenue Montaigne, in the same stretch of the 8th arrondissement associated with the city's major couture and jewelry houses; Winston himself presented collections there in person during that period. The Avenue Montaigne salon was renovated in 2014 and continues to operate as the house's flagship high-jewelry location in Paris. The company has also loaned jewelry for major public occasions, including Academy Awards ceremonies, and its association with the Hope Diamond remains central to how the house's history is presented publicly today.
PRINTEMPS
Athens jewelry label founded in 2011 by Konstantina Pantelous, handcrafting Greek-mythology-inspired pieces - coin pendants, zodiac charms, Hercules-knot motifs - in recycled silver from workshops in Athens.
Best for Gold-plated Hercules knots and Greek-goddess charms, Athenian mythology in jewelry.
Hermina Athens was founded in 2011 by Konstantina Pantelous, who began making jewelry from home as a creative outlet while working as a translator and raising two children. She named the brand after her daughter Hermina, a name that also doubles as the female form of Hermes, the Greek messenger god. Collections include Greek Mythology, Healing Crystals, Zodiac Signs, and a 14K gold range, alongside coin pendants and Hercules-knot bracelets; pieces are designed and produced in the brand's own Athens workshops, primarily in recycled silver. Pantelous and the brand have been featured in Forbes (2019) and Liberty London (2021).
Paris / Online
French jewelry chain launched in 1986 by Éric Belmonte, who conceived an accessibly priced, open-format jewelry store after struggling to find an affordable gift for his mother in Cannes; now operates 400+ stores across France and Belgium.
Best for Watches, gold, diamonds, and accessible everyday jewelry gifts
Histoire d'Or was founded in 1986 by Éric Belmonte, who at the time worked as a courier for luxury jewelers on the French Riviera. Searching Cannes for an affordable birthday gift for his mother, he found every jewelry shop he visited catered to a wealthy clientele and left him without an option he could afford. That experience led him to build a different kind of jewelry retailer: an open-format store, without the guarded counters typical of the trade, using a red-based identity and straightforward merchandising to make jewelry buying feel approachable rather than exclusive. The brand expanded through France before opening its first store outside the country, in Belgium, in 2007. In 2013 it launched an in-house training program, THOM Academy, alongside its e-commerce site, and in 2018 it added a lab-grown diamond line and established a corporate social responsibility department. Histoire d'Or is part of the Thom Group (Thom Europe), a French jewelry retail group operating several chains. Today Histoire d'Or runs more than 400 stores across France and Belgium, positioned as a mass-market rather than luxury jeweler, selling gold, diamonds, watches and gift-priced accessories.
Paris / Online
Parisian curation of fine jewelry’s rising names — an edited multi-brand bijoux destination. The HOD jewelry boutique at 104 Rue Vieille du Temple closed in 2018; the current hodparis.com site belongs to a different women’s ready-to-wear business.
Best for An edited multi-brand curation of Paris's rising fine jewelry names
Paris / Online
JEM makes modern fine jewellery in traceable gold with diamonds across rings, earrings and necklaces. Product documentation and appointments help buyers evaluate sourcing, stone specifications and long-term care.
Best for Traceable gold and diamond rings, earrings, and necklaces
JEM stands for Jewellery Ethically Minded. The Paris house presents itself as the first French jeweller engaged in the Fairmined programme, which certifies gold from mines committed to eco-responsible practice. Its stated aim is a jeweller's craft that pairs ethical commitment with simplicity and refinement. The pieces are meant to be plain enough to move through time with their owners. The collections carry names such as Via, Octogone, Etreintes, Sillons and Anagramme. Voids is a line designed with India Mahdavi. Alongside Fairmined gold, JEM works with lab-grown diamonds and with pearls and mother-of-pearl from Fiji. It documents traceability along its value chain. The house makes engagement rings and wedding bands for women and men. A bespoke service is offered, and appointments can be taken in store or by video. La Maison JEM is at 10 rue d'Alger in the first arrondissement, and a second shop operates in Lyon. Retailers include La Samaritaine and Galeries Lafayette Haussmann in Paris. Abroad the pieces are carried by Mouki Mou in London, Nordstrom in Portland and Le Grand Magasin in Geneva. Everything is made in France. JEM states a commitment to preserving French jewellery-making skills as part of its mission.
Online / brand-level record
French jewelry line launched in 2010 by Justine Clenquet, then an 18-year-old student at Paris's École Duperré; punk-influenced pieces such as safety-pin chokers and crystal ear cuffs are handmade at the designer's atelier near Lille.
Best for Parisian punk-glam jewelry, safety-pin chokers, and crystal-drenched ear cuffs
Justine Clenquet launched her eponymous jewelry line in 2010 at age 18, while a student at Paris's École Duperré, having interned with designers including Baptiste Viry and Emmanuelle Khanh. Raised near Lille, she now runs her atelier and company from that region. Her designs subvert traditional goldsmithing with punk references - safety-pin chokers, crystal-covered ear cuffs - drawing on 1980s and '90s cinema and underground fanzine culture. Pieces are handmade in France.
Paris / Online
Le Gramme names pared-back jewellery by its weight in grams, making scale part of each design’s identity. Bracelets, rings and pendants repeat cylindrical forms across silver, gold and ceramic finishes.
Best for Brushed silver bracelets sold and named by gram weight
Ardèche / Online
A reversible-leather jewelry concept launched in 2015, made in the Ardèche's 'Bijou Valley' by Altesse, a Paris jewelry house tracing to 1905, and leather manufacturer Texier; cuffs, earrings and bracelets are held by interchangeable magnetic leather straps.
Best for Customizable cuffs with reversible leather bands, made in Ardèche
Les Georgettes' manufacturing lineage goes back to 1905, when craftsman Marius Legros founded a jewelry workshop in the Marais district of Paris; in 1912 the business relocated to Saint-Martin-de-Valamas in the Ardèche valley, a region that developed into a recognized center of French costume and fine jewelry production sometimes called the 'Bijou Valley.' That firm grew into Altesse, a French jewelry manufacturer that today holds the state-recognized 'Entreprise du Patrimoine Vivant' (Living Heritage Company) label for craft continuity. In 2015, Altesse partnered with Ardèche-based leather manufacturer Texier — both now under the Renaissance Luxury Group — to launch Les Georgettes, built around a specific mechanical idea: a reversible leather band, secured on a metal jewelry base by two magnetic beads, that lets the wearer swap the leather insert to change the color or texture of a bracelet, cuff, earring or ring without buying a new piece of jewelry. Design work happens in Paris studios, with manufacturing carried out in partner workshops across the Ardèche valley. The brand markets the swappable-strap system as its core differentiator against conventional fixed jewelry, alongside the century-plus manufacturing pedigree behind it.
Paris
Les Néréides makes enamelled costume jewellery with miniature gardens, animals and ballerinas. The ornate pieces function as wearable illustrations, while earrings and brooches offer smaller entry points to the range.
Best for Enamelled diorama jewelry of gardens and ballerinas
Paris / Online
Paris jewelry label launched in 2015 by Camille Riou from her rue de Poitou apartment; she opened a by-appointment boutique on the same street in 2016, known for customizable, layered gold-plated chain jewelry.
Best for Layered necklaces and gold-plated everyday jewelry.
Camille Riou founded Lõu.Yétu in 2015, starting the business out of her own Paris apartment on the rue de Poitou. Jewelry had been part of her life since childhood — her grandmother, a passionate collector who liked to source pieces and have them mounted by artisans, passed the interest on early; family lore holds that Camille was already selling her own creations at a Breton market stall by age eight.
After working in marketing, Riou left that career to devote herself to jewelry full-time. She began informally, inviting friends into her apartment to see her pieces, then friends of friends, building the brand through word of mouth rather than conventional retail. In 2016, still on the rue de Poitou, she opened a boutique accessible by appointment, where she hosted monthly private shopping sessions by registration rather than keeping standard walk-in hours.
The label became known in the French costume-jewelry market for layered chain necklaces and customizable gold-plated pieces, building a following largely through social media and word-of-mouth referral rather than traditional advertising, growing from a single-apartment operation into a recognized Paris jewelry name.
Paris / Online
Mad Lords is a multi-brand jewellery concept store for fine pieces, charms, talismans and piercing. Its edit allows comparison across designers, while appointments can help with stacking, placement and higher-value purchases.
Best for Fine jewelry, talismans, piercing, charms, and edgy luxury accessories
Paris / Online
Paris jeweler founded in 1996 by gemologist Marie-Hélène de Taillac, an early adopter of colorful semi-precious stones and the diamond-cut 'briolette' technique, with every piece hand-crafted by artisans in Jaipur, India.
Best for Colorful gemstone jewelry with refined, playful luxury.
Marie-Hélène de Taillac's path into jewelry design began in childhood: her father's work took the family through the Middle East and North Africa, and her fascination with gemstones started while watching her mother select precious stones at a Lebanese jeweler. That interest deepened through her parents' own collection, then crystallized on a trip to India, where a visit to the storied Jaipur jeweler Gem Palace exposed her to vividly colored stones and to artisans' advanced lapidary techniques. Before turning to jewelry full-time, she trained formally in gemology and worked in fashion alongside milliner Philip Treacy.
She launched her own collection in 1996, at a moment when colored semi-precious stones — as opposed to traditional diamonds and precious gems — were still an unusual choice in fine jewelry. From the outset she worked with tourmalines and other colored stones, and became known for applying the 'briolette' cut, a droplet-shaped faceting technique historically reserved for diamonds, to these softer stones instead.
Production has remained anchored in Jaipur, where all of the house's jewelry, down to the hand-fabricated chains, is made by local artisans using traditional techniques such as gold weaving and silver-leaf work set beneath gemstones. Several of her designs are held in the permanent collection of Paris's Musée des Arts Décoratifs.
Paris
French jewelry house founded in Paris in 1827; moved to 20 Place Vendome in 1946 alongside Boucheron, Chaumet and Van Cleef & Arpels, and became known for opening a more accessible boutique line in 1955.
Best for Place Vendôme jewelry style made accessible, at an approachable entry price.
Maison Mauboussin was founded in Paris in 1827, and built its reputation through 19th-century world's fair exhibitions, including a medal at the 1878 Paris Exposition and a Grand Prix at the 1925 Exposition des Arts Decoratifs. In 1946 the house moved to 20 Place Vendome, joining fellow jewelers Boucheron, Chaumet and Van Cleef & Arpels. In 1955 Mauboussin opened a boutique selling smaller-scale, less expensive pieces aimed at a broader clientele.
Paris / Online
Founded in 2000 by Marie Montaud, who runs a boutique-workshop on rue de Marseille by the Canal Saint-Martin; pieces set shells, bone, wood and semi-precious stones in 24-carat-gold-plated brass.
Best for Poetic costume jewelry in color and texture with soft bohemian styling
Médecine Douce was founded in 2000 by Marie Montaud, who runs the label from a boutique-workshop on rue de Marseille near the Canal Saint-Martin in Paris, after earlier collaborations designing jewelry for larger fashion houses. Montaud's pieces are built from a mix of natural and found materials — shells, bone, wood, and colored, tumbled stones — combined with pieces of ceramic she treats to resemble granite, each element set or wrapped in gold wire rather than cast or stamped in a single mold. The base metal is brass plated in 24-carat gold, keeping pieces priced below fine jewelry while retaining a semi-precious, artisanal character; production stays local to the Paris workshop rather than being outsourced. The label's aesthetic draws on a mix of natural forms and slightly irregular, handmade finishing, which distinguishes it from more uniform costume-jewelry manufacturing. Montaud has continued to run the brand as a single-designer operation over two decades, maintaining the same workshop-based model rather than scaling into mass production.
Rue de la Paix / 2nd
Paris high-jewelry house founded 1613 by a family of tinkers from Val Vigezzo, Italy, and passed down 14 generations. Billed as the world's oldest jewelry house and the last independent one in France, it remains headquartered at 9 Rue de la Paix near Place Vendome.
Best for Historic Paris jeweler with high jewelry, precious stones, and old-world craft
Mellerio dates its founding to 1613, tracing its origins to an Italian family from the Val Vigezzo valley in northern Italy who first worked as itinerant tinkers before establishing themselves in the French jewelry trade. The house describes itself as the oldest family-owned jewelry house in the world and the last independently owned one in France, with the business having passed through 14 generations of the same family. It has long been associated with the Place Vendome district of Paris, describing itself as the first jeweler to settle in that area, and today operates from 9 Rue de la Paix in the 2nd arrondissement. The house's offerings span fine and high jewelry organized into collections such as 'Les Muses,' Giardino and Cabinet de Curiosites, alongside engagement and wedding jewelry, jewelry watches, and a line of fragrances and candles.
Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, Paris
Paris fine-jewelry house founded in 2005 by Valérie Messika, daughter of diamond dealer André Messika. Its Move collection (2007) set diamonds to slide freely along a bar, an idea drawn from watching her father move stones between his fingers.
Best for The Move collection's sliding diamonds and red-carpet Parisian jewelry
Messika was founded in 2005 by Valérie Messika, the daughter of André Messika, a longtime diamond dealer on the Paris market. She grew up around the stone trade, and in 2007 turned a childhood memory - watching her father slide loose diamonds between his fingers while entertaining her - into the brand's signature design. The result was Move, a jewel built around three diamonds set to slide freely along a bar, worn as a ring, bracelet, necklace or earring. The collection sold well from the start and has since expanded into multiple sub-lines, worked in 18-karat yellow, rose and white gold. Messika has built its identity around this kind of wearable, everyday diamond jewelry rather than strictly formal high jewelry, positioning itself between ready-to-wear jewelry brands and the older Place Vendôme maisons. Messika's own flagship boutique is at 259 rue Saint-Honoré in the 1st arrondissement; the brand is also carried at other addresses along the separate, similarly named Faubourg Saint-Honoré retail corridor in the 8th arrondissement. Messika has also become a regular presence on film and awards-show red carpets, where its jewelry has been worn by a range of actresses, adding to its visibility as a relatively young name among established French jewelry houses.
Paris / Online
Paris jewelry atelier for delicate gold jewelry, engagement pieces, everyday necklaces, rings, and gifts.
Best for Delicate gold jewelry and engagement pieces from this Paris atelier
Paris / Online
Ofée was a Paris jewelry house founded in September 2006, built around delicate, wearable fine jewelry in gold and diamonds, rings, earrings, and bracelets designed for daily wear rather than occasion-only pieces.
Best for Delicate diamond and gold rings, earrings, and bracelets for everyday fine jewelry
Ofée was a Paris jewelry house founded in September 2006, built around delicate, wearable fine jewelry in gold and diamonds, rings, earrings, and bracelets designed for daily wear rather than occasion-only pieces. The brand operated a boutique at 30 rue du Bac in the 7th arrondissement and, at points in its history, ran pop-up presences inside Galeries Lafayette, alongside a signature in-store concept it called a 'bar à boucles d'oreilles', an earring bar allowing customers to build and customize pairs on site, a format French trade press covered as a point of distinction when it launched. Official French company records show Ofée's operating entity, registered at 4 rue de la Paix in Paris's 2nd arrondissement, entered judicial liquidation proceedings in May 2019 and was formally struck from the commercial register on 10 May 2023 for insufficient assets; consumer-facing coverage places the brand's practical end of activity around 2024. The ofee.com domain no longer carries any trace of the jewelry brand and now hosts an unrelated health-technology platform, consistent with a business that ceased operating rather than one that simply changed its online presence.
Paris / Online
Paris fine-jewelry designer creating gold, bakelite and silver pieces with diamond settings. Signature collections include Bowie and Pierrot lines emphasizing personalization.
Best for Cauri shell and diamond fine jewelry with nonchalant Parisian bohème luxury
Pascale Monvoisin is a French jewelry designer operating from Paris's historic center, known for work that emphasizes continuous reinvention while maintaining personal identity. The designer creates across rings, necklaces, pendants, bracelets and earrings, blending precious metals (gold, silver) with unconventional materials like bakelite and diamond settings. Her signature collections—Bowie, named after British style reinvention, and Pierrot, paying homage to French cinema—establish her design language. Pieces range from approximately $540 to $2,580, positioning the brand in accessible luxury. Monvoisin operates four boutiques across Paris and Lille alongside an online shop, offering customizable pieces and gift services. The brand philosophy centers on 'reinventing oneself continuously while staying true to oneself,' appealing to consumers seeking personalized, artisan-crafted jewelry with narrative depth.
Paris / Online
Paris fine-jewelry house founded 2017 by Nawal Laoui, former Fabergé and Audemars Piguet jewelry designer. Signature pieces use a Japanese-derived laser-drilling technique that lets diamonds float on ultra-thin gold rings against the skin.
Best for Floating-diamond fine jewelry and delicate chains with Paris mood
Persée was founded in 2017 by Nawal Laoui, a French jewelry designer who trained and worked at Fabergé and then Audemars Piguet before leaving at 25 to start her own house. The brand's name refers to Perseus, the hero of Greek mythology, chosen to evoke boldness paired with light.
Laoui's signature technique came from her travels: she encountered a stone-drilling method developed by Japanese artisans that allows a diamond or gemstone to be pierced with extreme precision and mounted so it appears to float against the skin, held only by an almost invisible fine gold ring rather than a conventional prong setting. The approach lets light pass through and around the stone rather than being framed by metal, and it has become the house's defining mechanism across its rings, necklaces and earrings.
Persée operates as a Paris-based maison with its own boutiques in the city offering click-and-collect alongside its e-commerce operation, and its jewelry is also carried by multi-brand retailers including Samaritaine and Mytheresa. Laoui has described drawing on her Moroccan heritage and an interest in mythology and contemporary art alongside the Japanese piercing technique in shaping the brand's minimalist, sensual design language.
Place Vendôme / 1st
High-jewelry house founded in Turin in 1957 by Costantino Repossi; the maison moved to Place Vendome in 1986 and was reoriented toward avant-garde, architectural design by creative director Gaia Repossi from 2010; its store was designed by Rem Koolhaas's OMA.
Best for Architectural fine jewelry
Costantino Repossi founded his goldsmith house in Turin in 1957, and the family moved its stage to Place Vendôme in 1986 — Italian jewelers on French jewelry's holiest square. But the maison's modern identity belongs to the fourth generation: Gaia Repossi, appointed artistic director in 2010 at 21, an archaeology and fine-arts student who redrew the catalogue with a minimalist's nerve.
Her Berbère collection — parallel gold bands inspired by Amazigh culture, climbing the ear as fashion's definitive ear cuff — made Repossi the jewelry of the art-and-fashion crowd; Serti Sur Vide set stones in apparent thin air; Antifer stacked geometry into signatures. Piercing-style delicacy replaced dynastic pomp, and the white-cube Vendôme boutique, redesigned by Rem Koolhaas's OMA, made the position architectural.
LVMH invested in 2015 and built its stake to a majority, keeping Gaia at the pencil. Repossi remains the square's contemporary conscience: Italian goldsmith bones, Parisian address, and the rare high-jewelry house whose customer is younger than its metal.
Paris / Online
Paris costume-jewelry house operating since 1987, designing bohemian, travel-inspired pieces - rings, necklaces, bracelets and earrings mixing hard stones, seed beads, feathers and vintage-jewelry references.
Best for Colorful bohemian jewelry with stones, beads, and metalwork
Maison Satellite has designed and produced fashion jewelry in Paris since 1987, building a catalogue centered on a bohemian, 'gipsy' aesthetic that draws on travel and folk motifs rather than fine-jewelry materials. Collections combine semi-precious and hard stones with seed beads, feathers, lacquer and velvet ribbon, and the house describes its work as blending vintage-jewelry references with souvenirs of travel across cultures. The brand sells rings, necklaces, bracelets and earrings through its own Paris boutique and webstore, positioning itself in the affordable, costume-jewelry segment of French fashion accessories rather than as a fine jeweler. It has maintained a consistent design identity across nearly four decades in business, and continues to release named seasonal collections built around the same boho-chic vocabulary.
Paris / Online
Paris fine-jewelry line launched 2017 by Sophie Lepourry, formerly of Hermes, Prada and Saint Laurent, combining her first name with her city for the brand name. Pieces are cast in recycled 18k gold since 2021 and handcrafted at a family-run workshop in Porto; boutiques in the 7th and 3rd arrondissements.
Best for Delicate stone jewelry and charms for feminine everyday wear
Sophie d'Agon was founded in 2017 by Sophie Lepourry, who spent years working for major luxury houses before starting her own jewelry line around age forty. The brand's name merges her first name with 'agon,' a nod to Paris. Design is self-taught and intuitive, built around colorful, movement-driven pieces in blues, reds and yellows. Since 2021 all pieces have been cast in recycled 18-karat gold, made at a family-run workshop in Porto, Portugal. The house now operates two Paris boutiques: one at 66 Rue de Grenelle, and one at 62 Rue de Saintonge in the Marais.
Paris / Online
Paris jewelry line launched 2008 by Paris-born designer Sylvia Toledano, a former law student turned self-described 'neo-vintage' artist. Known for patinated, textured gilded-brass pieces set with semi-precious stones, including the Byzance cuff and Happy Flower earrings, inspired by Byzantine art and an African childhood.
Best for Malachite clutches and Byzantine cuffs — Parisian statement minaudières
Sylvia Toledano was born and raised in Paris and studied law before turning to jewelry design, launching her eponymous brand in 2008. She describes her aesthetic as 'neo-vintage,' using patinated, textured gilded brass combined with semi-precious stones to create talisman jewelry meant to carry color and positive energy. Her influences include her own work as a painter, her fascination with Byzantine art, and childhood years spent in Africa. Signature pieces include the Byzance cuff and the Happy Flower earrings, now produced in multiple colorways.
PRINTEMPS
German jewelry and accessories house founded in 1984 in Lauf an der Pegnitz by Thomas Sabo, a trained precision mechanic; built its name on ear cuffs and charm bracelets, opened its first store in Frankfurt in 1998, and now sells through roughly 1,200 points of sale in some 70 countries.
Best for Sterling charm jewelry storytelling since 1984
Thomas Sabo GmbH & Co. KG was founded on 8 May 1984 by Thomas Sabo, a trained precision mechanic, in Lauf an der Pegnitz, Bavaria. The company initially sold imported jewelry from Asia before developing its own collections, working with graphic designer Susanne Kolbli to shape its early aesthetic. Its breakthrough product was an ear cuff inspired by London punk style, which became a widely recognised fashion item and helped establish the brand beyond its regional origins. Thomas Sabo opened its first dedicated retail store in Frankfurt am Main in 1998, and has since built out a global network combining owned stores, e-commerce and retail partners.
Paris / Online
Titlee has drawn jewellery and small objects in Paris for over twenty years. Pieces are made in brass, finished in twenty-four carat gold plating or fine gilding, and produced in small series. Cutting, gilding, enamelling, soldering go to partner workshops in Paris, with final assembly in the house atelier. Necklaces, pins, stationery, a licensed Peanuts collection fill the catalogue.
Best for Gold-plated brass jewellery and pins made in small Paris series.
Titlee has designed jewellery and objects in Paris for over twenty years, and the house says each piece starts from a drawing or a detail noticed on a walk, in a book or in a film. Production runs in small series. The stated reason is quality and the avoidance of overproduction, and it lets collections keep changing rather than arriving whole each season. The metal is brass. Pieces are finished either in twenty-four carat gold plating or in fine gilding, depending on the model, and where natural stones are set each one carries its own shade. Making is split across partner workshops in Paris. Cutting, gilding, enamelling, soldering, assembly each go to artisans the house has used for years, and the final assembly happens in its own atelier. The same workshops have been used since the beginning wherever that is possible. The catalogue covers necklaces, bracelets, rings, earrings, pins, with children's sizes for several of those, and a stationery line of postcards, notebooks, pens, stickers. A licensed Peanuts collection runs across jewellery, stationery, patches. The house is direct about the limits of its own position and says it prefers to move step by step rather than promise what it cannot deliver. Titlee SASU is registered at 28 rue Henri Kleynhoff in Gentilly.
Paris / Online
French jewelry house — Alhambra clovers, Perlee, and the most romantic haute joaillerie. The jeweler of princesses and poets since 1906.
Best for Alhambra and romantic haute joaillerie
22 Place Vendôme, 75001 Paris
One of the world's most prestigious jewelry maisons — the Alhambra motif since 1968 and the patented Mystery Set. Its salon at 22 Place Vendôme is the spiritual home of French high jewelry, defined by craftsmanship and stone selection.
Best for Alhambra jewelry and Mystery Set stones.
Van Cleef & Arpels began as a marriage: Estelle Arpels and Alfred Van Cleef wed in 1895, and in 1906 their families opened a boutique at 22 Place Vendôme, where the maison still stands. The address matters — this is the square's romantic jeweler, the one that made poetry rather than power its register.
Two inventions define the house. The Mystery Set, patented in 1933, seats rubies and sapphires so no metal shows — a carpet of pure stone that only a handful of the maison's own hands can execute. And the Alhambra, born 1968, turned a quatrefoil of luck into the most recognizable motif in fine jewelry, worn from Grace Kelly's era to this morning's métro. Between them came the Minaudière, the jeweled evening case the house invented in the 1930s, and the zip necklace suggested by the Duchess of Windsor.
The Place Vendôme salon remains the pilgrimage point: high-jewelry ballerinas, fairy clips, and stone selection that jewelers themselves speak of in lowered voices.
Paris / Online
White Bird is a Paris multi-brand fine-jewellery boutique known for delicate work by independent designers. Its edit lets shoppers compare small-scale rings, necklaces and earrings across several makers in one appointment.
Best for Paris fine jewelry that introduced France to the world's delicate-jewel designers
Strasbourg / France
Every piece of Anne Maï jewellery in Strasbourg is unique and made in the workshop.
Best for Jewellery made one piece at a time
Strasbourg / France
Mademoiselle d'Ange is a Strasbourg jewellery label whose pieces are made by hand in the city.
Best for A Strasbourg jewellery house
Toulouse / France
At its Toulouse atelier, Atelier M au carré hand-shapes one-off porcelain jewellery and talisman-like pieces.
Best for Handmade porcelain jewellery
Le Havre / France
Every piece at Atelier Lucile in Le Havre is worked from raw metal in the atelier itself.
Best for Jewellery worked in the atelier
Poitiers / France
Since 2010, this independent Poitiers boutique has curated colorful, ethically certified clothing, jewelry and accessories from small labels like La Fiancée du Mékong and King Louie, with GOTS and OEKO-TEX credentials backing the ethical claims. The shop trades from its own storefront in Poitiers and ships its full range worldwide online.
Best for Fashion Boutique, Accessories, Jewelry
Rennes, Brittany, France
In Rennes old town, Chouette! gathers jewelry, clothing, accessories and decor from makers across Rennes, Brittany and France. Everything on its shelves is artisan-made.
Best for Original maker-made gifts
Meg Ve / France
Part of a family jewellery house founded in Avignon in 1965, the Megeve boutique on rue Charles Feige carries Rolex, Cartier, Messika and other watch and jewellery marques. Buyers can shop in the alpine store or through the online boutique, with financing and after-sales service.
Best for Jewellery, watches, boutique
Prades / France
Glass artist Gwénaël Bonaque hand-fuses jewelry and light-catching decor at his atelier-boutique on rue de Mahou in Prades, working in traditional stained glass, fusing, and Tiffany techniques. Le Petit Futé guide has recommended the shop two years running for its earrings, mobiles, and mirrors made on-site.
Best for Glass Art, Jewelry, Stained Glass
21 Place du Château, Ansouis, Vaucluse
On the château square in Ansouis, Juan and Maria Catuogno run a gallery-boutique of jewellery and sculpture they make themselves. The cases hold original art jewellery, bronze and glass sculpture, and art photography.
Best for Original artist-made jewellery and sculpture
Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche, near Limoges, France
Les Émaux Arédiens works high-fire enamel onto copper and silver from Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche, a town in the Limoges enameling region roughly 40 kilometers south of the city, firing complex pieces through as many as ten kiln passes. The one-artisan workshop makes enamel jewelry, wall panels, triptychs and sculptures, and runs its own online shop alongside introductory workshops.
Best for Hand-fired Limoges-region enamel jewelry and art panels
Le Havre / France
Manufactory sells jewellery and accessories it describes as made entirely in Le Havre.
Best for Pieces made in Le Havre
Nancy / France
Pour Soi on rue de la Visitation in Nancy selects its pieces with care, to set off how a woman dresses.
Best for Women's fashion and jewellery
7 Rue Raoul Blanchard / Online
Grenoble makers rotate through the boutique, covering illustration, beauty, textiles, woodwork, food and jewellery. Exhibitors can also rent a stand and take shop shifts, while creative workshops and coworking happen alongside retail.
Best for Elegant home decor, charming souvenirs, ceramics, textiles, jewellery
Le Havre / France
The Bohemist in Le Havre is first of all jewellery made by hand in its own workshop.
Best for Jewellery made by hand
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